European cities have accumulated substantial experience with electric buses, charging networks, shared mobility and low-emission urban logistics. They also demonstrate that electrification does not remove the need to manage car use, public space and transport demand.

SOLUTIONSplus Living Labs in Hamburg and Madrid connected European implementation experience with demonstrations in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The value of this cooperation was not the direct transfer of a single European model, but the exchange of technical knowledge, business experience and implementation methods.

European examples can inform charging standards, procurement, public transport operations, urban logistics and renewable-energy integration. Their applicability should nevertheless be assessed against local incomes, institutions, electricity systems, mobility patterns and vehicle markets.